GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal

Sushil Subedi; Ashok Thakulla; Yogesh Joshi; Uddav Ghimire

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

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GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal

Sushil Subedi^*

, Ashok Thakulla, Yogesh Joshi, Uddav Ghimire

Published in American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 27 August 2024 Accepted: 18 September 2024 Published: 14 January 2025

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Abstract

Selecting an appropriate site for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a significant challenge in solid waste management (SWM) for local authorities, engineers, and urban planners. Rapid population growth, industrialization, diverse community characteristics, and limited land availability exacerbate this issue. Landfill site selection requires evaluating numerous factors, including environmental, social, and economic considerations, as well as adhering to various rules and spatial data. This paper presents an integrated approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), to select the most sustainable MSW disposal site in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. Criteria for site selection were derived from existing literature, including residential proximity, roads, water bodies, slopes, elevation, and national parks. GIS was used to develop criteria maps, and AHP was employed for pairwise comparison and normalization to assign weights to the criteria. The weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS was then used to evaluate the weighted criteria maps, categorizing the site suitability into five classes: “extremely suitable”, “considerably suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “slightly suitable”, and “restricted”. The suitability map identified the most suitable areas for waste disposal, with "extremely suitable" areas ideal for immediate use, and "considerably suitable" areas offering potential for future development. This method demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and AHP for sustainable solid waste management site selection in challenging environments like the Kanchanpur district.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
Page(s)	1-6
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Bhimdatta Municipality, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Kanchanpur, Multi Criteria Decision Analysis, Landfill Site

3. Results and Discussion

An optimized Waste management Siting process must undergo a rigorous process of criteria evaluation to prevent long-term negative impacts such as groundwater contamination and air pollution. And also, far from settlement areas for the prevention of public health. Should be accessible from the main road due to economic factors, this is to reduce the cost of transportation and collection. The study is based only on 5 criteria, for more accuracy we need to take more criteria

[11-13]

3.1. Waste Management Siting Criteria

3.1.1. Residential Areas

This criterion doesn’t permit waste management sites in the area. The presence of any waste disposal site near or within urban residential areas may cause health and environmental problems. The desirable distance from the site to the residential area should be 2km and above. Whereas 1km or above was taken into consideration as a suitable landfill location.

3.1.2. Distance from Roads

The road networks were downloaded from Open source i.e., OpenStreetMap. The road data contains information on highways, major and minor roads, and their connections to residential roads, etc. Due to economic factors, the accessibility of the site must be considered especially for the vehicles used for the collection and disposal of waste to landfills. The higher score was given to landfill sites near roads.

3.1.3. Rivers

The waste management site cannot be constructed adjacent to water bodies like rivers, streams, and ponds. This is due to adverse environmental effects from the Disposal site which can occur and contaminate the water bodies

[14]

. Therefore, a 1000m buffer zone was created for each of the rivers in the study area. The rivers are shown in the blue line, while the red zones represent areas closest to the rivers, which are highly restricted for development due to potential environmental risks. These buffer zones are color-coded, with other colors like green and purple representing progressively larger distances. This visualization aids in planning decisions related to waste management, emphasizing the importance of maintaining safety from rivers to prevent water pollution.

3.1.4. National Park

Kanchanpur district has one National Park that supports the environment. We cannot build a Waste Management site inside or near the national parks. Thus, a 1km buffer zone was created around the national park and above.

3.1.5. Slope

The slope is an important criterion when it comes to designing a sanitary landfill site. From an economic perspective, the cost of construction in areas with steep and high slopes will be more expensive than in areas with medium slopes. The slope layer for this study was generated from the digital elevation model (DEM). Which was taken from Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX). The areas with slopes greater than 25° are considered unsuitable for waste management sites

[15]

3.2. Analysis

The final suitability map was obtained after assigning weight to each criterion through the AHP method. ArcGIS was used to reclassify each criteria map which was converted from vector to raster format using a conversion tool. Map algebra tool was further used to execute the analysis by multiplying each criterion with its weight plus another criterion for the suitable landfill sites.

After the suitability map, the final suitability map was created which shows only extremely suitable areas for the waste management site. Using the condition (CON) tool and using the conversion tool the obtained map in raster form changed to vector. The suitable areas are in polygons form, at the last area of landfill greater than 60000m². We have 10 Suitable sites in Kanchanpur.

4. Conclusion

The current study was able to analyze the convenient and suitable sanitary landfill sites for sustainable solid waste disposal in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. From, final Suitability map we get 10 locations. GIS- Based AHP method was selected as one of the most common techniques in MCDA, also because of its accuracy and efficiency in landfill site selection studies. Using only five criteria gives a scenario of suitable disposal site. The site is on plain terrain, far from settlement, rivers, national park and access to roads. If we need more accurate and precise Waste management site for disposal of solid waste we can consider more Criteria like Soils, Geology etc.

Abbreviations

MSW	Municipal Solid Waste
SWM	Solid Waste Management
GIS	Geographic Information Systems
AHP	Analytical Hierarchy Process
MCDA	Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
RCRA	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
CBS	Central Bureau of Statistics
DEM	Digital Elevation Model
HDX	Humanitarian Data Exchange
WMS	Waste Management Site

Author Contributions

Sushil Subedi: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Ashok Thakulla: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Yogesh Joshi: Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Uddav Ghimire: Methodology, Visualization, Supervision Writing – review & editing

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Olexa MT, Leviten A, Samek K. Florida Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation Handbook: Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal: FE457/FE457, 12/2003. EDIS 2004; 2004. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe457-2003

[2] Joshi RP, Joshi YP. A Study on Solid Waste Composition in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Health Prospect 2018; 17: 5–8. https://doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v17i1.21201

[3] Guerrero LA, Maas G, Hogland W. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management 2013; 33: 220–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008

[4] Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Mahmood G, Trivedi R. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Management (New York, NY) 2008; 28: 459–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.008

[5] Bhowmick P, Das S, Das N. Identification of suitable sites for municipal waste dumping and disposal using multi-criteria decision-making technique and spatial technology: A case of Bolpur municipality, Birbhum district, West Bengal. Waste Management Bulletin 2024; 2: 250–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.02.001

[6] Greene R, Devillers R, Luther JE, Eddy BG. GIS-Based Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis. Geography Compass 2011; 5: 412–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00431.x

[7] Dolui S, Sarkar S. Identifying potential landfill sites using multicriteria evaluation modeling and GIS techniques for Kharagpur city of West Bengal, India. Environmental Challenges 2021; 5: 100243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100243

[8] Makonyo M, Msabi MM. Potential landfill sites selection using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis in Dodoma capital city, central Tanzania. GeoJournal 2022; 87: 2903–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10414-5

[9] Saaty RW. The analytic hierarchy process—what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling 2021; 9: 161–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8

[10] Siekelova A, Podhorska I, Imppola JJ. Analytic Hierarchy Process in Multiple–Criteria Decision–Making: A Model Example. SHS Web of Conf 2021; 90: 01019. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219001019

[11] Pokhrel D, Viraraghavan T. Municipal solid waste management in Nepal: practices and challenges. Waste Management 2005; 25: 555–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.020

[12] Ferronato N, Torretta V. Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019; 16: 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060

[13] Chandel AS, Weto AE, Bekele D. Geospatial technology for selecting suitable sites for solid waste disposal: a case study of Shone town, central Ethiopia. Urban, Planning and Transport Research 2024; 12: 2302531. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2024.2302531

[14] Dangi MB, Malla OB, Cohen RRH, Khatiwada NR, Budhathoki S. Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management in Kathmandu city, Nepal – An impact of an incomplete data set. Habitat International 2023; 139: 102895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102895

[15] Sk MM, Ali SA, Ahmad A. Optimal Sanitary Landfill Site Selection for Solid Waste Disposal in Durgapur City Using Geographic Information System and Multi-criteria Evaluation Technique. KN J Cartogr Geogr Inf 2020; 70: 163–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42489-020-00052-1

References

[1]	Olexa MT, Leviten A, Samek K. Florida Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation Handbook: Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal: FE457/FE457, 12/2003. EDIS 2004; 2004. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe457-2003
[2]	Joshi RP, Joshi YP. A Study on Solid Waste Composition in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Health Prospect 2018; 17: 5–8. https://doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v17i1.21201
[3]	Guerrero LA, Maas G, Hogland W. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management 2013; 33: 220–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008
[4]	Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Mahmood G, Trivedi R. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Management (New York, NY) 2008; 28: 459–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.008
[5]	Bhowmick P, Das S, Das N. Identification of suitable sites for municipal waste dumping and disposal using multi-criteria decision-making technique and spatial technology: A case of Bolpur municipality, Birbhum district, West Bengal. Waste Management Bulletin 2024; 2: 250–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.02.001
[6]	Greene R, Devillers R, Luther JE, Eddy BG. GIS-Based Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis. Geography Compass 2011; 5: 412–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00431.x
[7]	Dolui S, Sarkar S. Identifying potential landfill sites using multicriteria evaluation modeling and GIS techniques for Kharagpur city of West Bengal, India. Environmental Challenges 2021; 5: 100243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100243
[8]	Makonyo M, Msabi MM. Potential landfill sites selection using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis in Dodoma capital city, central Tanzania. GeoJournal 2022; 87: 2903–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10414-5
[9]	Saaty RW. The analytic hierarchy process—what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling 2021; 9: 161–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8
[10]	Siekelova A, Podhorska I, Imppola JJ. Analytic Hierarchy Process in Multiple–Criteria Decision–Making: A Model Example. SHS Web of Conf 2021; 90: 01019. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219001019
[11]	Pokhrel D, Viraraghavan T. Municipal solid waste management in Nepal: practices and challenges. Waste Management 2005; 25: 555–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.020
[12]	Ferronato N, Torretta V. Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019; 16: 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
[13]	Chandel AS, Weto AE, Bekele D. Geospatial technology for selecting suitable sites for solid waste disposal: a case study of Shone town, central Ethiopia. Urban, Planning and Transport Research 2024; 12: 2302531. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2024.2302531
[14]	Dangi MB, Malla OB, Cohen RRH, Khatiwada NR, Budhathoki S. Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management in Kathmandu city, Nepal – An impact of an incomplete data set. Habitat International 2023; 139: 102895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102895
[15]	Sk MM, Ali SA, Ahmad A. Optimal Sanitary Landfill Site Selection for Solid Waste Disposal in Durgapur City Using Geographic Information System and Multi-criteria Evaluation Technique. KN J Cartogr Geogr Inf 2020; 70: 163–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42489-020-00052-1

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Subedi, S., Thakulla, A., Joshi, Y., Ghimire, U. (2025). GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

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Subedi, S.; Thakulla, A.; Joshi, Y.; Ghimire, U. GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2025, 9(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

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AMA Style

Subedi S, Thakulla A, Joshi Y, Ghimire U. GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2025;9(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11,
  author = {Sushil Subedi and Ashok Thakulla and Yogesh Joshi and Uddav Ghimire},
  title = {GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20250901.11},
  abstract = {Selecting an appropriate site for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a significant challenge in solid waste management (SWM) for local authorities, engineers, and urban planners. Rapid population growth, industrialization, diverse community characteristics, and limited land availability exacerbate this issue. Landfill site selection requires evaluating numerous factors, including environmental, social, and economic considerations, as well as adhering to various rules and spatial data. This paper presents an integrated approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), to select the most sustainable MSW disposal site in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. Criteria for site selection were derived from existing literature, including residential proximity, roads, water bodies, slopes, elevation, and national parks. GIS was used to develop criteria maps, and AHP was employed for pairwise comparison and normalization to assign weights to the criteria. The weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS was then used to evaluate the weighted criteria maps, categorizing the site suitability into five classes: “extremely suitable”, “considerably suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “slightly suitable”, and “restricted”. The suitability map identified the most suitable areas for waste disposal, with "extremely suitable" areas ideal for immediate use, and "considerably suitable" areas offering potential for future development. This method demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and AHP for sustainable solid waste management site selection in challenging environments like the Kanchanpur district.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal
AU  - Sushil Subedi
AU  - Ashok Thakulla
AU  - Yogesh Joshi
AU  - Uddav Ghimire
Y1  - 2025/01/14
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
AB  - Selecting an appropriate site for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a significant challenge in solid waste management (SWM) for local authorities, engineers, and urban planners. Rapid population growth, industrialization, diverse community characteristics, and limited land availability exacerbate this issue. Landfill site selection requires evaluating numerous factors, including environmental, social, and economic considerations, as well as adhering to various rules and spatial data. This paper presents an integrated approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), to select the most sustainable MSW disposal site in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. Criteria for site selection were derived from existing literature, including residential proximity, roads, water bodies, slopes, elevation, and national parks. GIS was used to develop criteria maps, and AHP was employed for pairwise comparison and normalization to assign weights to the criteria. The weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS was then used to evaluate the weighted criteria maps, categorizing the site suitability into five classes: “extremely suitable”, “considerably suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “slightly suitable”, and “restricted”. The suitability map identified the most suitable areas for waste disposal, with "extremely suitable" areas ideal for immediate use, and "considerably suitable" areas offering potential for future development. This method demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and AHP for sustainable solid waste management site selection in challenging environments like the Kanchanpur district.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Sushil Subedi

Department of Geomatics Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal

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http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3980-5948
Ashok Thakulla

Department of Geomatics Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal

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Yogesh Joshi

Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA

Contact Email
Uddav Ghimire

Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering and Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

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Subedi, S., Thakulla, A., Joshi, Y., Ghimire, U. (2025). GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

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ACS Style

Subedi, S.; Thakulla, A.; Joshi, Y.; Ghimire, U. GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2025, 9(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

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AMA Style

Subedi S, Thakulla A, Joshi Y, Ghimire U. GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2025;9(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11,
  author = {Sushil Subedi and Ashok Thakulla and Yogesh Joshi and Uddav Ghimire},
  title = {GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20250901.11},
  abstract = {Selecting an appropriate site for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a significant challenge in solid waste management (SWM) for local authorities, engineers, and urban planners. Rapid population growth, industrialization, diverse community characteristics, and limited land availability exacerbate this issue. Landfill site selection requires evaluating numerous factors, including environmental, social, and economic considerations, as well as adhering to various rules and spatial data. This paper presents an integrated approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), to select the most sustainable MSW disposal site in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. Criteria for site selection were derived from existing literature, including residential proximity, roads, water bodies, slopes, elevation, and national parks. GIS was used to develop criteria maps, and AHP was employed for pairwise comparison and normalization to assign weights to the criteria. The weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS was then used to evaluate the weighted criteria maps, categorizing the site suitability into five classes: “extremely suitable”, “considerably suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “slightly suitable”, and “restricted”. The suitability map identified the most suitable areas for waste disposal, with "extremely suitable" areas ideal for immediate use, and "considerably suitable" areas offering potential for future development. This method demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and AHP for sustainable solid waste management site selection in challenging environments like the Kanchanpur district.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - GIS Based MCDA Selection of Waste Management Site in Kanchanpur District, Nepal
AU  - Sushil Subedi
AU  - Ashok Thakulla
AU  - Yogesh Joshi
AU  - Uddav Ghimire
Y1  - 2025/01/14
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250901.11
AB  - Selecting an appropriate site for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a significant challenge in solid waste management (SWM) for local authorities, engineers, and urban planners. Rapid population growth, industrialization, diverse community characteristics, and limited land availability exacerbate this issue. Landfill site selection requires evaluating numerous factors, including environmental, social, and economic considerations, as well as adhering to various rules and spatial data. This paper presents an integrated approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), to select the most sustainable MSW disposal site in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. Criteria for site selection were derived from existing literature, including residential proximity, roads, water bodies, slopes, elevation, and national parks. GIS was used to develop criteria maps, and AHP was employed for pairwise comparison and normalization to assign weights to the criteria. The weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS was then used to evaluate the weighted criteria maps, categorizing the site suitability into five classes: “extremely suitable”, “considerably suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “slightly suitable”, and “restricted”. The suitability map identified the most suitable areas for waste disposal, with "extremely suitable" areas ideal for immediate use, and "considerably suitable" areas offering potential for future development. This method demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and AHP for sustainable solid waste management site selection in challenging environments like the Kanchanpur district.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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